Duk wani Farfesan Ibrananci da ya san aikinsa zai koyar da cewa Ibrananci na Littafi Mai Tsarki a dabi’ance harshe ne na wasannin kalmomi. A cikin Ibrananci na Littafi Mai Tsarki, wasan kalmomi ba kawai wani “kari” na adabi ba ne—shi ne babban injin ma’anar nassin. Ga marubutan dā, ana kallon sautin kalma a matsayin abin da ke da alaƙa da ainihinta. Idan kalmomi biyu suna sauti iri ɗaya, mai sauraro yana zaton akwai wata alaƙa mai zurfi, ta tauhidi a tsakaninsu.
Littafi Mai Tsarki yakan yi amfani da wasan kalmomi don bayyana halin mutum ko kaddararsa. Ana kiran waɗannan etymologies na wasan kalmomi.
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Adamu da Ƙasa: Mutum na farko, Adamu, an halicce shi ne daga ƙasa, Adamah. Wannan ba kawai rime ba ne; yana bayyana yanayin ɗan adam a matsayin wanda ke da alaƙa da “Ƙasa”.
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Yakubu (Ya’akov) mai ƙokawa: Sunansa yana da alaƙa da “dididige” (aqeb) domin ya kama dididigen ɗan’uwansa sa’ad da aka haife shi, sannan daga baya zuwa “maye gurbi/yaudara” (aqab). Wasan kalmomin yana bin tarihin halinsa daga mai yaudara zuwa mai ƙokawa da Allah.
“Waƙa-ta-annabci” ta Ibrananci tana amfani da Paronomasia (yin amfani da kalmomi masu sauti iri ɗaya amma suna da ma’anoni daban-daban) don ƙirƙirar “madubin ɗabi’a.” Wannan ya zama ruwan dare a cikin Littafin Ishaya, inda Allah “yake neman adalci amma ya sami zubar da jini/zalunci.” Wannan jimlar a Turanci ba ta bayyana komai game da abin da ke faruwa ba, amma a cikin Ibrananci batun ya fito fili: Allah yana neman mishpat amma ya sami mispah, ko kuma maimakon tsedaqah (adalci) sai ya sami tse’aqah (kukan wahala).
Shin ka fahimci hakan?
An canza kalmomin ta hanyar ɗan ƙaramin gyara don mayar da wani abu mai kyau ya zama wani abu mara kyau sosai.
Manufar Cika
Sunan ירושלם (baƙaƙe: Y‑R‑W/Sh‑L‑M) yana gayyatar wasan Ibrananci na ciki domin baƙaƙensa za su iya dacewa da tushen Ibrananci masu ma’ana da fannonin ma’ana. A cikin concordances (misali, Strong’s #3389), wani lokacin ana ba da shawarar cewa ya fito ne daga ירה + שלם, wanda aka fassara shi da “kafuwar zaman lafiya.”
Duk da haka, wannan shawarar ba ta fito fili ba ta fuskar ƙamus, tun da ירה kansa yana da ma’anoni da yawa kuma ba wai kawai yana nufin “kafuwa” ko “kafa harsashi” ba ne. Maimakon haka, ainihin ma’anarsa na Littafi Mai Tsarki su ne jifa, harbi, jefawa, jagora, koyarwa. (weekly.israelbiblecenter.com). Sunan birnin ya bayyana tun farko a matsayin (URU-ša-lim) a cikin wasiƙun Amarna (ƙarni na 14 K.Z.), wanda aka rubuta a cikin harshen Akkadian a matsayin Urusalim / Urušalim. Wannan ya sa wasu masana suka yi watsi da kowane wasan kalmomi. Zaɓin dai, naka ne.
Saboda haka ana yawan rikita yadah da yarah:
| Tushe | Babban Fannin Ma’ana | Transitive? | Amfani na Misali |
|---|---|---|---|
| ידה (yadah) | Jifa, jefawa, mika hannu | Sosai | Shari’a, bayarwa, gudun hijira |
| ירה (yarah) | Manufa, jagora, koyarwa | Na zaɓi / da gangan | Koyarwa, shiriya, saita manufa |
Kalmar Torah ta fito ne daga yarah a matsayin wani abu da aka saita manufa a kansa, don haka ma’anonin da aka faɗaɗa na “koyarwa” ko “umarni” ko tsohon abin da aka fi so, “doka.”
Ma’anonin Sassa
(a) שלם:
– Tushen ma’anar “cika, duka, gamawa.”
Wannan yana da mahimmanci ga kalmomi kamar שלום (zaman lafiya, cika) kuma yana ɗauke da fannin ma’ana tabbatacce a cikin Ibrananci na Littafi Mai Tsarki.
(b) ירה:
– Tushen kewayon ƙamus ya haɗa da “harbi/jifa” da “jagora/koyarwa.”
Wannan ma’ana biyu tana ba da damar wasan kalmomi domin ra’ayin shiriya ko manufa na iya ɗaukar nauyin misali.
Yiwuwar Wasan Kalmomi
Idan aka karanta shi a matsayin wasan kalmomi maimakon a matsayin etymology na tarihi, karance-karance na ciki da yawa suna fitowa:
A. “Manufar Zaman Lafiya / Manufa Zuwa Ga Cika”
Dalili:
Idan muka ɗauki ירה ba kawai a matsayin “kafuwa” ba amma a matsayin “manufa/jagora,” to idan aka haɗa shi da שלם, za a iya jin sunan a matsayin:
“Manufar Zaman Lafiya / Manufa Zuwa Ga Cika.”
Wannan karatun yana ɗaukar ירה a matsayin misali na jagora mai aiki — kamar dai zaman lafiya/cika shi ne abin da aka nufa birnin zuwa gare shi, burin ko manufar cika.
Hujja a wasan kalmomin Ibrananci:
- Ibrananci na Littafi Mai Tsarki yakan yi amfani da hoton aikatau a matsayin misali, yana haɗa jagorar zahiri da neman ɗabi’a/ra’ayi.
- Hoton birnin a cikin adabi a matsayin wurin kasancewar Allah da cikar alkawari ya sa wannan karatun ya yi daidai a cikin Nassi.
B. “Shiriya / Koyarwar Cika”
Dalili:
Wata hanyar karanta ירה + שלם ita ce a matsayin koyarwa zuwa ga cika. Tun da sigar hiphil na ירה na iya nufin “koyarwa,” wannan yana bayar da:
“Koyarwar Cika / Koyar da Zaman Lafiya.”
Tunanin Tallafi:
Ɗaya daga cikin amfani da aka faɗaɗa na ירה (musamman hiphil) a cikin Ibrananci na Littafi Mai Tsarki shine “koyarwa, nunawa” — wani nau’i na jagora/ilimi. Wannan wasan kalmomin yana nuna birnin a matsayin wurin da yake nuna wa ɗan adam hanyar cika. Wannan kuma shine inda muke samun kalmar (mace) Torah (תורה) wanda BDB ya bayyana a matsayin “shiriya” wanda kansa ana bayyana shi akai-akai a matsayin “koyarwa” mai ba da cika, fahimta, da rai.
C. “Gani / Dubi Cika”
Wannan bambancin yana ɗaukar ra’ayi daga wani tushe daban wanda galibi ake haɗa shi a wasan kalmomi: ראה (gani). Kodayake ba sauti ɗaya suke ba da ירה, kamanceceniya a cikin sauti yana ƙarfafa masu karatun waƙoƙin Ibrananci da annabci su haɗa waɗannan fannonin, suna samar da wasannin kalmomi kamar:
“Za su ga cika (na zaman lafiya).”
Wannan bai cika tsauri ba amma an tabbatar da shi a cikin fassarorin etymological na sunan a cikin al’adar Yahudawa ta baya, wanda galibi ke ɗaukar harafin farko a matsayin mai alaƙa da gani/wahayi. (cf. wannan rubutun na wani ‘Babban Rabbi’)
Ƙarfafawa daga Zabura (“Ku roƙi zaman lafiyar Urushalima”)
Wasan kalmomi a cikin Nassi da kansa yana ƙarfafa alaƙa tsakanin Urushalima da shalom/cika. Misali, Zabura 122:6 ta ce (a cikin Ibrananci):
שאלו שלום ירושלם
Wannan jimlar a zahiri tana kiran zaman lafiya (shalom) kusa da sunan wurin, yana ba masu karatun Ibrananci damar jin ירושלם a matsayin wanda ke da alaƙa da zaman lafiya/cika koda kuwa etymology na tarihi na zahiri na iya bambanta.
Kammalawa: Mafi Kyawun Wasannin Kalmomi na Ciki
Bisa ga ma’anar Ibrananci na ciki kawai da kuma yadda waƙoƙin Littafi Mai Tsarki suke, mafi kyawun wasannin kalmomi na ciki akan ירושלם sune:
- “Manufar Zaman Lafiya / Manufa Zuwa Ga Cika” — yana nuna neman jagora.
- “Shiriya / Koyarwar Cika” — yana nuna birnin a matsayin wurin koyarwa zuwa ga zaman lafiya.
- “Gani Cika” — karatun etymological na jama’a wanda ke nuna daidaiton waƙa tare da hangen nesa da cika.
Waɗannan karance-karancen ba da’awar etymological ba ne a yanayin tarihi-harshe (wanda ke kai mai karatu zuwa wata hanyar daban); wasannin kalmomi ne na adabi/ma’ana waɗanda suke a dabi’ance ga yadda waƙoƙin Ibrananci na Littafi Mai Tsarki suke aiki a cikin nasu mahallin.