Duba kuma Sarauniya a Ciki, Sarauniya Esta vs. Vashti, Sarauniyar Sheba
Kalmar Helenanci don “sama” ita ce ouranós – sama (tilas), kuma ana amfani da ita kusan sau da yawa a jam’i (“sammai“). “Tilas da jam’i suna da ma’anoni mabanbanta don haka ya kamata a bambanta su a fassara (ko da yake abin takaici ba a cika yin hakan ba)”
(G. Archer)
Mutum zai iya fassara ta a ma’ana ta bazuwa a matsayin “sammai”, amma mun fahimci cewa wadannan “sammai” masu-sammai ne wadanda ake kirgawa.
Kalmar Sabon Alkawari (NT) don “mulki” ita ce basileia. Wannan suna ne na mace. A tsohon yaren Helenanci ana amfani da wannan kalmar ga duka biyun
- sarauniya
- mulki/sarauta
Kalmomin iri daya ne. To ta yaya za mu sani ko Sabon Alkawari yana magana ne game da “sarauniya” maimakon “wurin sarauta/mulki”?
Masana koyaushe suna nuna mahallin magana. Kamusan Helenanci na Thayer kawai ya bayyana cewa, “βασιλεία, βασιλείας, ἡ (daga βασιλεύω; a bambanta ta da βασιλεία, sarauniya.” Amma me ya sa? Saboda mahallin magana. Amma wane mahalli? Wane son zuciya?
Tsarkin Harshe: Yahudawa Masu Jin Helenanci vs. Masu Bin Salon Attic (Atticists)
Wata kalma ta musamman da aka yi amfani da ita don “sarauniya” a Sabon Alkawari ita ce basilissa βᾰσῐλισssa wadda aka samu sau hudu kacal. A fassarar Septuagint na Tsohon Alkawari, masu fassara Yahudawa sun yi amfani da wannan sigar. Amma sigar farko “basileia” ita ce sigar da Josephus da Atticists suka fi so. Bayanin Kamusan Helenanci na Thayer game da “sarauniya” (duba #938) ya bayyana cewa, “the Sept.; Josephus; Atticists sun fi son sigogin βασιλίς [basilis] da βασιλεία [basileia]…“
βᾰσῐλ-ισσα, ἡ, = βασίλειᾰ, sarauniya
A cewar Kamusan Helenanci-Turanci na LSJ (Liddell-Scott-Jones), babban madogara ga tsohon yaren Helenanci, “basilissa” daidai yake da “basileia,” ma’ana sarauniya. An tabbatar da hakan a wurare daban-daban kamar Xenophon’s Oeconomicus 9.15, sassan da aka danganta ga Alcaeus da Aristotle a cikin Bekker’s Anecdota Graeca, da kuma a cikin ayyukan Philemon kamar yadda aka ambata a Athenaeus XIII.595c. Masu bin salon Attic sun ki amincewa da sigar a matsayin wadda ba ta salon Attic ba, tare da ambatonta guda daya kacal a Sparta daga Theocritus 15.24 da kuma a cikin ayyukan Polemo akai-akai. (duba “βασίλισσα – Logeion“)
Masu fassarar Septuagint da Atticists suna wakiltar buri daban-daban na al’ada da harshe. Septuagint, fassarar Helenanci na Littafi Mai Tsarki na Ibraniyawa da aka kammala a karni na 3 K.Z., tana da nufin sanya nassosin Yahudawa su kasance masu sauki ga Yahudawa masu jin Helenanci a Alexandria. Don haka hanyar fassarar ta ginu ne kacokan ga masu sauraro Yahudawa. Wannan fassarar ta yi amfani da Helenancin Koine, yaren gama-gari na lokacin, don tabbatar da fahimtar ayyukan addini da al’adun Yahudawa da suka dade. Shin al’adunsu da son zuciyarsu daidai ne? Bayan wasu shekaru aru-aru, wani mutum mai suna “Ceto” ya fada a fili cewa ba haka ba ne. Ya kira shugabanni, marubuta, da lauyoyi a matsayin “barawo,” “makaryata,” da “masu fuska biyu.” Wannan mutumin ne kuma ya yi wa’azi game da “basilea” na “sammai” a matsayin babban sakon ceto da shari’a da ke zuwa kan duniya. Wannan mahallin bai dace da bin fassarar Yahudawa da sigogin harshe don sakon bishararsa ba.
Sabanin haka, Atticists, wadanda suka yi fice daga karni na 2 K.Z. zuwa karni na 2 B.Z., sun nemi kiyayewa da yin koyi da yaren Helenancin Attic na gargajiya na karni na 5 da na 4 K.Z. a Athens. Sun mayar da hankali kan kiyaye tsarkin harshe da kyawun salo na marubutan Atina na gargajiya, don neman ilimi da fasahar magana (misali, masana falsafa) a duniyar masu jin Helenanci. Yayin da Septuagint ta mayar da hankali kan al’adun addini da na Yahudawa, Atticists sun jaddada amincin adabi da salo, suna tasiri ga manyan makarantu da kuma darajar adabin Helenanci na gargajiya.
Don karin bayani:
- Carawan, Edwin. The Attic Orators. Oxford University Press, 2008.
- Innes, Doreen C. (editor). Greek Literary Criticism: From Plato to the Present. Routledge, 2001.
’Ya’yan Mulki ko na Sarauniya?
Idan mahallin ma’ana yana da abin fada game da fassara, zai zama kamar mahallin ma’ana na Matta 13:38 zai fito fili:
Gonar ita ce Duniya kuma iri mai kyau [tilas]—wadannan su ne ‘ya’yan sarauniya…
Matta 13:38 RBT
“Uwar dukanmu…” (Gal. 4:26)
“‘Ya’yan mulki” ba shi da ma’ana sosai idan aka kwatanta da “‘ya’yan sarauniya.” Wataƙila a fannin waƙa ko karin magana. Sharhin littattafai sun dauka a matsayin karin maganar Ibraniyawa ga Yahudawa, amma sun rude sosai tunda an jefa “‘ya’yan mulki” cikin duhun waje (Matta 8:12) kuma ana kiran “‘ya’yan mulki” iri mai kyau (Matta 13:38)! Akwai wani abu da ba daidai ba a nan. Bari mu duba da kyau.
“Sarauniyar masu-sammai tana kama da rumbun taska wanda aka boye a gona wanda wani mutum ya samu…” Matta 13:44 RBT
“Da yake ya san tunaninsu yanzu, ya ce musu, ‘Dukan sarauniyar da aka raba/aka rarraba daga kanta ta zama kufai, kuma dukan birni ko gida da aka raba/aka rarraba daga kansa ba zai tsaya ba. ” Matta 12:25 RBT
Da yake amsawa yanzu, Ubangiji ya ce mata, “Marta, Marta, kina da damuwa da hargitsi a kan abubuwa da yawa. Bukatar kadan ce, kuma Maryamu ta zabi kyakkyawan rabo na daya, ita wadda ba za a yanke ta/a raba ta da kanta ba.”
Luka 10:42 RBT
Masu sharhi a nan sun kasa fahimtar dalilin jam’in aure (marriages):
“Sarauniyar masu-sammai ta zama kamar wani mutum, sarki wanda ya yi bukukuwan aure [marriages] don dansa.” Matta 22:2 RBT
“Daga nan, kwanakin Yahaya mai nutsarwa har zuwa yanzu, ana tilasta wa sarauniyar masu-sammai da karfi kuma mutane masu zafi suna kama ta.” Matta 11:12 RBT
“Wani misalin kuma ya sa a gabansu yana cewa, ‘Sarauniyar masu-sammai ta zama kamar mutumin da ya shuka iri mai kyau a gonarsa.” Matta 13:24 RBT
“Ba duka ba, wanda yake ce mini, ‘Ubangiji, Ubangiji’ zai shiga cikin sarauniyar masu-sammai, sai dai wanda yake yin nufin uba na wanda yake cikin masu-sammai.” Matta 7:21 literal
“Masu-hikima a Waje suna sowa don farin ciki a Broadway; tana bayar da muryarta. A kan wadanda-ke-ruri tana kira a kofofin birni, tana fadin maganganunta. Har yaushe ku masu-budewa za ku so mai-budewa? Kuma wadanda-ke-izgili, abin izgili suka ji dadi da shi. Kuma wawaye suna kin wanda aka sani.” Kar. Mag. 1:20-22 RBT
“Masu-hikima, ta gina gidanta, ta sassaka ginshikanta guda bakwai. Ta yanka abin yankanta, ta shirya teburinta, ta aiki bayinta, tana karatu a kan tuddan gari. Wane ne mai-budewa? Bari ya karkata nan. ‘Zuciya mai bukata,’ tana fada masa.” Kar. Mag. 9:2-4 RBT
Kalmar nan genitive 3rd person singular feminine relative pronoun herself (kanta) koyaushe ana fassara ta a matsayin “itself” (kansa/kanta na abin da ba mutum ba) a Matta 11:12, 12:25 da makamantansu.