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E dere ya n’ime Ụgbọ mmiri Hezekiah dị ka afọ 700 T.K. Onye nyere onyonyo: Zev Radovan. Dị ka ụdị AI si kwuo, oge ọ ga-ewe ide nke a na mma na awl ga-abụ ihe dị ka awa 3.5 ruo 7. Tinye oge iji mee cartouche (ebe dị larịị, dịkwa mma) mbụ, ị nwere ọrụ awa 6-12, eleghị anya n’ime ụbọchị 1-2. Ọ bụ nnukwu ọrụ maka ahịrị 6. Echiche a na-enwe mgbe niile bụ na okwu ndị ahụ bụ teknụzụ na-akọwa ihe injinia mere, ma okwu ndị ahụ dị ezigbo ihe ijuanya. Ntụle ọnụọgụgụ niile dị nnọọ kwụ ọtọ: 100, 1200. Neqevah pụtara “nwanyị” ma ọ bụ “ịpị” ọ bụghị ụgbọ mmiri. Enweghị okwu banyere “òtù” kama ihe dị omimi dịka “nwoke n’ebe enyi ya nọ” na “mma n’elu mma” na “site n’aka nri na aka ekpe.” Ụfọdụ nwere ike iche na ọ bụ asụsụ elu iji mee ka akụkọ ahụ sie ike. Ma, n’eziokwu, akụkọ adịghị n’akwụkwọ a nwere mkpụrụ edemede 216. Ụfọdụ nwere ike iche na ederede amụma ga-eso “olu amụma” ụfọdụ, ma nke ahụ abụghị eziokwu. Nke a abụghị asụsụ elu na-eme ka ọrụ injinia sie ike. Okwu ndị a na-egosi usoro a na-ahụ n’ime Akwụkwọ Nsọ Ochie, ya mere, ha nwere nnukwu ihe ha pụtara n’onwe ha. E dere nke a n’ụdị mkpịsị aka “cursive” nke Paleo-Hebrew (ọ bụghị na mkpụrụ edemede dị arọ nke dị mfe ịkpụ) n’oge onye dere Aịsaịa (na Maịka, ụfọdụ akụkọ ndị eze, na Abụ Ọma, wdg), na-ede ederede amụma n’asụsụ Paleo Hebrew na mkpịsị aka na ink. Onye nwere ọgụgụ isi mere nke a. Ọ nwere otu olu asụsụ a na-ahụ n’ime ọtụtụ akụkụ prose nke Akwụkwọ Nsọ Hibru. Onye a, n’enweghị mgbagha, maara Torah na Akwụkwọ Nsọ Hibru nke ọma. Ya mere, gịnị ka ha chọrọ ikwu?

She has been completed1 the Female2 And this was the word the Female within3 the Hewers swinging 

the Axe man4 toward his friend5 and within three maidservants6 to the piercing and he heard voice of man calling

ra toward his friend for she became7 insolent8 in the siege9 from the right and from the left and in the day 

 the Female the Hewers struck, man toward his friend, axe upon axe and they walked10

   the waters from the source11 to the pool in two hundred and a thousand maidservant and a

t maidservant was the height12 of the siege13 over the head of the Hewers

E mezuru ya, Nwanyị (“onye a pịrị”). Ma nke a aghọwo nhazi nke Nwanyị n’ime mmeghachi omume nke ndị na-akpụ, ndị na-ama ama n’akamma, nwoke ọ bụla n’ebe enyi ya nọ, na n’ime mmeghachi omume nke ọmụnwa atọ, a nụrụ, olu nwoke na-akpọ enyi ya, n’ihi na ọ ghọrọ onye mpako n’ime nsogbu/mbị site n’aka nri na aka ekpe; na n’ime ụbọchị/ngosipụta nke Nwanyị ndị na-akpụ kụrụ, nwoke ọ bụla izute enyi ya, mma n’elu mma, na Mmiri Abụọ ha gara pụta n’ime Isi mmalite gaa Ụlọ mmiri n’ime narị abụọ na puku otu nke ọmụnwa; na elu/ịdị elu nke mbị megide isi nke ndị na-akpụ ọ ghọrọ narị nke ọmụnwa.

Nkọwa dị n’ụlọ mgbidi…

בצר לי אקרא יהוה ואל אלהי אקרא וישמע מהיכלו קולי ושועתי באזניו 

“N’ime nsogbu/mbị nye onwe m ana m akpọ Ọ Bụ, ana m akpọ ndị ike, ọ na-anụ olu m site n’ụlọ nsọ ya, na mkpu enyemaka m n’ime ntị ya.”

(2 Samuel 22:7 RBT)

הנני עמד לפניך שם על הצור בחרב והכית בצור ויצאו ממנו מים ושתה העם

“Lee! onye nọ n’ihu gị, n’elu Nkume [הַצּוּר֮] n’ime Ala Nkịtị (“Horeb”); ị kụrụ n’ime Nkume, ha, Mmiri Abụọ, si na ya pụta, na Ndị mmadụ, ha nụrụ mmiri!”

(Exodus 17:6 RBT)

שמעו אלי רדפי צדק מבקשי יהוה הביטו אל צור חצבתם ואל מקבת בור נקרתם

“Nụ n’ebe m nọ, ndị na-achụso onye ziri ezi, ndị na-achọ Ọ Bụ! Lezie anya n’elu nkume unu kpụụrụ, na n’elu mma nke oghere unu kpụpụtara!”

(Isaiah 51:1 RBT)

“N’ihi na atụrụ niile nụrụ mmiri Mmanya nke Iwe nke Nwanyị Nsọ ya! Na Ndị Eze nke Uwa mere mmehie n’ime ya, na Ndị na-ere ụgbọ mmiri nke Uwa ji Ike Mpako ya wee baa ọgaranya!”

(Revelation 18:7 RBT)

“Na m onwe m, ana m agwa gị, na gị onwe gị bụ Nkume (“Petros”), na n’elu Nkume, a, m ga-ewu Ụka m, na ụzọ nke Ala Mmụọ Ọjọọ (“Hades”) agaghị emeri ya!”

(Matthew 16:18 RBT)

Nkọwa
  1. Ịtụgharị הנקבה dịka “ihe a kpụpụtara” ma ọ bụ “ụgbọ mmiri” bụ ihe na-adịghị ezi uche ma dị anya na ihe okwu ahụ pụtara nke na naanị “ọmụmụ ihe omimi” nwere ike ime ụdị nzuzu a. Ma ọ bụrụ na ị kwenyere na a na-eji okwu a mee otu ụzọ, eche m na ihe ọ bụla ga-ekwe omume.
  2. Gesenius chere na ebe ezughị ezu maka תמה ya mere o nyere תמ mana nsogbu bụ na mmekọrịta okike. Ma ebe zuru ezu dị ebe ahụ ebe naanị mkpụrụ edemede dị mkpa nke dị obere. Ndị ọzọ enyeela ihe dịka dabar “okwu/njikwa” ma ọ bụ הנה “lee“.
  3. N’ezie בעוד nwere ike ịkọwa dị ka ב־ (“n’ime”) + עוֹד (“na-aga n’ihu / mmeghachi omume / ọzọ”). Ọ bụrụ na ị were עוֹד n’echiche ya nke mmeghachi omume ma ọ bụ mmegharị, בעוד nwere ike pụtara n’ezie “n’ime mmeghachi omume” ma ọ bụ “n’ime ihe na-emeghachi/na-aga n’ihu.” Isi okwu bụ ịbụ n’ime ihe na-aga n’ihu ma ọ bụ na-emeghachi, ma a tụlee ya dịka oge ma ọ bụ ihe na-emeghachi. Ntụgharị nkịtị “mgbe” na-eme ka nke a bụrụ oge, ma ihe oyiyi dị n’azụ ya bụ ịbụ n’ime oge na-aga n’ihu ma ọ bụ na-adịgide.
  4. N’asụsụ Paleo-Hebrew, kwekọrọ na mkpụrụedemede ’‑š, nke n’asụsụ Hibru Akwụkwọ Nsọ ga-anọchi anya אש (“ọkụ”). Ọ bụghị usoro nkịtị maka איש (“nwoke”), nke bụ (’‑y‑š). N’ime ọtụtụ nsụgharị Semitic North West nke narị afọ nke 8, tinyere Nkọwa Siloam, usoro mkpụrụedemede a na-anọchi anya okwu ʾîš “nwoke,” n’ihi mmejọ n’ịde (nke a na-akpọkwa matres lectionis). Nke a na-eme ka ọ bụrụ otu okwu na ʾēš “ọkụ,” a na-edozi ya site n’ihe dị n’ime okwu. 
  5. Ụdị pụrụ iche רעהו/רעו (“enyi ya”). Okwu איש אל רעהו na-apụta n’ime Akwụkwọ Nsọ Hibru na Ndị Amụma ihe dị ka ugboro 30. 
  6. Okwu maka cubit (ogo ogwe aka) bụ אמה nke n’eziokwu bụ okwu maka ọmụnwa, ọrụ nwanyị, ọrụ nwanyị n’ọlụ. Lee אמה Strong’s #519 na Gesenius. “Cubit” dịka ogo ogwe aka bụ iji ya mee ihe.
  7. הית — kacha mma were ya dị ka ụdị ochie ma ọ bụ mmejọ n’ịde nke היתָה (“ghọrọ”), ya bụ 3fs nke היה. Mmebi a (ịhapụ he na ime ime) a na-ahụkarị n’ime nsụgharị ochie na prose abụ.
  8. Ndị ọkà mmụta na-akpọ nke a okwu isi nke nkọwa a. Ruo ihe karịrị afọ 100, onye ọ bụla enweghị ike ịghọta ihe ọ pụtara, a meeela ọtụtụ ọmụmụ. Gesenius kwuru na ọ “enweghị n’ime Akwụkwọ Nsọ Ochie.” Kemgbe e bipụtara nkọwa a na 1881, nkọwa zedah agbanweela site na ihe gbasara ala gaa na asụsụ na injinia. Ndị ọkà mmụta mbụ jikọtara ya na ihe ala na-eme ka olu gafee, ebe ndị ọzọ lekwasịrị anya na mmejọ owuwu. Akwụkwọ 2020 nke Raanan Eichler depụtara aro 16 na nke ya maka “mmejọ nhazi.” Ma ọ bụrụ na anyị esoghị n’echiche injinia ma ọ bụ ala, kama were ya dị ka okwu amụma n’ihi na, n’eziokwu, ihe niile gbasara Asụsụ Hibru (na ndị dere ya na ndị ya) bụ nke amụma, anyị nwere ike ịchọta ihe okwu a pụtara n’ụzọ dị mfe. Ndị a bụ ndị Akwụkwọ Amụma. Ọ dị ihe ọzọ dị mkpa karịa amụma nye ndị Hibru? Ndị Akwụkwọ ahapụla anyị akwụkwọ nke fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ amụma. Ma ndị ọkà mmụta anaghị amasị amụma. Ọ na-emebi aha ha, nkwado, ọnọdụ, wdg. Ha na-adabere na nyocha okwu iji nweta ihe pụtara ka ọ dị sayensị. Ya mere, amụma fọrọ nke nta ka ọ ghara ịbata n’ụzọ mgbe a na-amụ…amụma ochie. Ọ dịghị mkpa ka ọ bụrụ ụgbọ mmiri n’okpuru Jerusalem n’ihi na e dere ya ebe ahụ. E nwere ntụaka dị mfe n’asụsụ Hibru: זדה — sitere na mgbọrọgwụ זוד / זדה (lee זֵד, זָדוֹן; Strong’s H2086/H2087), pụtara “ime mpako, ime ihe ike, ime ihe ike.” Dịka aha/nkebi okwu ebe a ọ pụtara mpako, ime ihe ike, ime mpako, ọ bụghị esi ma ọ bụ ịkụ ọkụ (echiche a bụ nke abụọ na ihe atụ). זֵ֣ד onye mpako dị ka nwoke na זֵדִֽים dị ka ndị mpako n’ime Akwụkwọ Nsọ Ochie. Nwanyị dị mfe bụ זדה zedah. Ọ dịghị ihe omimi dị mkpa.
  9. A were nke a dị ka mmejọ n’ịde nke בצור “n’ime nkume” ma lee צוּר ime mbị, igbochi, na צַר narrow, strait, nsogbu, mbị. Nke a kwekọrọ nke ọma na echiche “site n’aka nri na aka ekpe.” 
  10. ילכו (site na הלך, H1980 ije) abụghị okwu nkịtị maka ịsọ mmiri. Ihe pụtara ya bụ mmegharị a tụrụ n’anya nke ihe dị ndụ (“ije, ịga, imegharị”). Mgbe a na-eji ya na ihe na-adịghị ndụ, ọ pụtara “ịgbatị,” “ịga n’ihu,” ma ọ bụ “imegharị (n’usoro),” ọ bụghị “ịsọ” n’echiche mmiri. Asụsụ Hibru Akwụkwọ Nsọ na-eji n’ụzọ nkịtị נזל, נבע, שטף, ma ọ bụ naanị aha mmiri (נחל, נהר, מים) mgbe a na-ekwu maka mmegharị mmiri n’eziokwu.
  11. המוצא   kwekọrọ na Strong’s H4161 (מוֹצא), sitere na mgbọrọgwụ יצא (“ịpụ”). Ọ pụtara mpụta, ụzọ, ebe mmalite, ma ọ bụ isi mmalite, dabere na ihe dị n’ime okwu.
  12. Asụsụ Hibru nwere okwu abụọ maka “ịdị elu.” קוֹמה (Strong’s #6967) pụtara ịdị elu ma ọ bụ ịdị elu a tụrụ, sitere na קום “ịrị/ịdọ,” a na-eji ya maka ogo (ndị mmadụ, ụlọ, mgbidi, osisi). N’aka nke ọzọ, גבה (Strong’s #1363) pụtara ịdị elu dị elu ma ọ bụ ịdị elu, nke bụ ihe a na-atụghị, ma na-ewebata echiche nke ịdị elu ma ọ bụ ịdị elu (n’eziokwu ma ọ bụ n’echiche). Ya mere, okwu ndị a abụghị otu: qomah na-elekwasị anya na ogo a tụrụ, ebe gobah na-elekwasị anya na ịdị elu ma ọ bụ ịdị elu. Lee kwa גבה ịdị elu, ịdị elu, mpako, mpako. Echere na ọ na-ezo aka na overburden (ịdị omimi site n’elu), cubit 100 ga-abụ nọmba “mpako” ma ọ bụ naanị maka akụkụ ụfọdụ. Ịdị omimi dị n’etiti cubit 44-111 site n’ogo cubit Juda nke ochie ma ọ bụ obere n’ogologo ya dum.
  13. Mgbọrọgwụ okwu צוּר “ime mbị” nke צר “mbị/narrow strait” a na-eji ya na preposition על “megide” n’ime Akwụkwọ Nsọ Hibru  (lee ויצר על, ויצר עליה na 1 Eze 20:1, 2 Eze 6:24, 17:5 dịka ihe atụ). N’akwụkwọ Lamentations 1:10, ידו פרש צר על כל מחמדיה “aka ya gbasara mbị megide ihe niile ọ masịrị ya.”
Isi mmalite:
  1. Kantor, Benjamin. “The Siloam Inscription (ca. 700 BCE).” BiblicalHebrew.com, 2022. https://biblicalhebrew.com/the-siloam-inscription-ca-700-bce/. E nwetara ya Disemba 26, 2025.
  2. “כתובת השילוח.” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation. https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/כתובת_השילוח. E nwetara ya Disemba 26, 2025.
  3. Steinberg, David. “The Siloam Inscription.” Ver. 1.0, Ọktoba 3, 2007. http://www.houseofdavid.ca/anc_heb_siloam_text.pdf. E nwetara ya Disemba 26, 2025.
  4. Gesenius, Wilhelm. Gesenius’ Hebrew Grammar. Edited by E. Kautzsch. Translated by A. E. Cowley. 2nd English ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1910. https://archive.org/details/geseniushebrewgr00geseuoft/page/n21/mode/2up. E nwetara ya Disemba 26, 2025.