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An rubuta a cikin Ramin Hezekiah kusan shekara ta 700 K.Z. Hoton: Zev Radovan. A cewar samfuran AI, lokacin da za a ɗauka don rubuta wannan da guduma da kuma abin huda zai kasance kusan sa’o’i 3.5 zuwa 7. Idan aka ƙara lokacin yin katun (faffadan wuri mai santsi) da farko, za a sami aikin sa’o’i 6-12, wataƙila a cikin kwanaki 1-2. Wannan babban aiki ne ga layuka 6. Hasashen ya kasance koyaushe cewa kalmomin na fasaha ne da ke bayyana nasarar aikin injiniya, amma kalmomin a zahiri suna da ban mamaki. Ma’aunin lambobi duka suna da daidaito sosai: 100, 1200. Neqevah tana nufin “mace” ko “huda” ba rami ba. Babu ambaton “ƙungiyoyi” sai dai abubuwa marasa tabbas kamar “mutum zuwa abokinsa” da “gatari a kan gatari” da kuma “daga dama da hagu.” Wasu na iya ɗauka cewa zance ne mai zurfi don ƙara armashi ga labarin. Amma babu labari sosai a cikin wannan rubutu mai haruffa 216. Wasu na iya ɗauka cewa rubutun annabci dole ne ya bi wani “tsarin annabci” amma hakan ma ba gaskiya ba ne. Wannan ba zance ne mai zurfi da ke ƙara armashi ga nasarar aikin injiniya ba. Waɗannan maganganun suna nuna salon da ake samu a cikin Tsohon Alkawari kuma don haka suna ɗauke da ma’ana mai mahimmanci a cikin kansu. An rubuta wannan a cikin salon rubutun hannu na “cursive” na Paleo-Hebrew (ba da haruffa masu kauri waɗanda ke da sauƙin sassaƙawa ba) a lokaci guda da marubucin Ishaya (da Mika, wasu tarihin Sarakuna, da Zabura, da sauransu), yake yin nasa aikin—yana rubuta nassosin annabci a cikin Paleo Hebrew da alkalamin gora da tawada. Wani mai ilimi sosai ne ya yi wannan. Yana nuna irin salon adabin da ake samu a yawancin sassan nassosi na Littafi Mai Tsarki na Ibrananci. Wannan babu shakka wani ne wanda ya saba sosai da Attaura da Nassosin Ibrananci. To, me suke ƙoƙarin faɗa?

תמה1 הנקבה2 וזה היה דבר הנקבה בעוד3 החצבם מנפם 

הגרזן אש4 אל רעו5 ובעוד שלש אמת6 להנקב וישמ קל אש ק

רא אל רעו כי הית7 זדה8 בצר9 מימן ומהשמאל ובים ה 

 נקבה הכו החצבם אש לקרת רעו גרזן על גרזן וילכו10

   המים מן המוצא11 אל הברכה במאתים ואלף אמה ומא

ת אמה היה גבה12 הצר13 על ראש החצבם

An kammala ta, Macen (“wadda aka huda”). Kuma wannan ya zama jeri na Macen a cikin maimaitawar Masassaƙa, waɗanda ke jujjuya Gatari, kowane mutum zuwa ga abokin kansa, kuma a cikin maimaitawar kuyangi uku, an ji shi, muryar mutum tana kira zuwa ga abokin kansa, domin ta zama mai girman kai a cikin Wahala/Kewaye daga gefen dama da hagu; kuma a cikin ranar/bayyanar Macen Masassaƙan sun buga, kowane mutum don ya haɗu da abokin kansa, gatari a kan gatari, kuma Ruwaye-Biyu sun fita daga Tushen zuwa Tafkin a cikin ɗari biyu da dubu na kuyanga; kuma ɗaukaka/tsayin Kewaye a kan kan Masassaƙan ya zama ɗari na kuyanga.

Rubutun da ke jikin Ganuwa…

בצר לי אקרא יהוה ואל אלהי אקרא וישמע מהיכלו קולי ושועתי באזניו 

“A cikin wahala/kewaye ga kaina ina haɗuwa da Shi Ne, kuma ina kira zuwa ga masu iko, kuma yana jin muryar kaina daga haikalin kansa, kuma kukan neman taimako na a cikin kunnuwan kansa.”

(2 Samuila 22:7 RBT)

הנני עמד לפניך שם על הצור בחרב והכית בצור ויצאו ממנו מים ושתה העם

“Duba! shi wanda yake tsaye a can a gaban fuskokin kanka, a kan Dutsen Cliff [הַצּוּר֮] a cikin Hamada (“Horeb”); kuma ka buga a cikin Dutsen Cliff, kuma su, Ruwaye-Biyu, suna fita daga kansa, kuma Mutanen, ya sha!”

(Fitowa 17:6 RBT)

שמעו אלי רדפי צדק מבקשי יהוה הביטו אל צור חצבתם ואל מקבת בור נקרתם

“Ku saurara gare ni, ku waɗanda kuke bin/tsananta wa mai adalci, ku waɗanda kuke neman Shi Ne! Ku duba sosai zuwa ga dutsen cliff da kuka sassaƙa, da kuma gudumar ramin da kuka huda!”

(Ishaya 51:1 RBT)

“Domin dukan Garken sun sha daga Ruwan Inabin Fushin Karuwancin kanta! Kuma Sarakunan Duniya sun yi karuwanci tare da ita, kuma Masu Fataucin Jiragen Ruwa na Duniya sun arzuta daga Ikon Girman Kan kanta!”

(Ru’uyar Yohanna 18:7 RBT)

“Kuma ni ma, ina magana da kai, cewa kai kanka Dutse ne (“Petros”), kuma a kan Dutsen Cliff, wannan, zan gina Majalisar kaina, kuma ƙofofin Lahira (“Hades”) ba za su yi nasara a kanta ba!”

(Matta 16:18 RBT)

Bayanan kula
  1. Fassara הנקבה a matsayin “tonawa” ko “rami” abin dariya ne sosai kuma ya yi nisa da ma’anar kalmar ta yadda sai dai “masana na gaba-gaba” ne kawai za su iya yin irin wannan shiriritar. Amma idan kana da yakinin cewa ana amfani da kalma ta wata hanya, to ina tsammanin komai zai yiwu.
  2. Gesenius ya yi tunanin cewa babu isasshen fili don תמה don haka ya ba da shawarar תמ amma matsalar ita ce rashin jituwa a jinsi. Akwai isasshen fili duk da haka tunda abin da ake buƙata kawai shi ne harafin wanda yake da ɗan kankanta. Wasu sun ba da shawarar abubuwa kamar dabar “kalmar/tsari” ko הנה “duba“.
  3. A zahiri בעוד ana iya fassara ta a matsayin ב־ (“a cikin”) + עוֹד (“ci gaba / maimaitawa / gaba”). Idan ka ɗauki עוֹד a cikin ma’anarta ta zahiri na maimaitawa, to בעוד tana iya nufin “a cikin maimaitawar” ko “a cikin faruwar da ake maimaitawa/ci gaba.” Jigon ma’anar shi ne kasancewa a cikin wani aiki/yanayi da ke ci gaba ko maimaitawa, ko an ɗauke shi a matsayin dawwama na lokaci ko a matsayin lokuta da ake maimaitawa. Fassarar da aka saba yi na “yayin da” tana mayar da wannan zuwa lokaci guda, amma hoton da ke ƙasa shi ne na kasancewa a cikin wani lokaci da ke ci gaba ko dawwama.
  4. A cikin Paleo-Hebrew, yana dacewa da haruffan ’‑š, waɗanda a cikin Ibrananci na Littafi Mai Tsarki yawanci ke wakiltar אש (“wuta”). Ba daidaitaccen rubutu ba ne na איש (“mutum”), wanda yawanci shi ne (’‑y‑š). A cikin rubuce-rubucen Semitic na Arewa maso Yamma na ƙarni na 8, har da Rubutun Siloam, ana amfani da jerin haruffan don wakiltar kalmar ʾîš “mutum,” saboda ƙarancin rubutu (wanda kuma ake kira matres lectionis). Wannan yana haifar da kalma ɗaya mai ma’ana biyu da ʾēš “wuta,” wanda ake ganewa gaba ɗaya ta hanyar mahallin. 
  5. Siffar da ba a saba gani ba רעהו/רעו (“abokinsa/amininsa”). Jimlar איש אל רעהו tana faruwa a cikin Littattafan Ibrananci da Annabawa aƙalla sau 30. 
  6. Kalmar cubit (tsawon hannu) ita ce אמה wadda a zahiri ita ce kalmar kuyanga, baiwa, baiwar mace. Duba אמה Strong’s #519 da Gesenius. “Cubit” a matsayin ma’aunin hannu zai kasance amfani ne kawai.
  7. הית — gara a ɗauke ta a matsayin tsohon salon rubutu ko nakasasshen rubutu na היתָה (“ta zama”), watau 3fs na היה. Irin wannan raguwar (barin harafin ה na ƙarshe da wasula na ciki) an san shi sosai a cikin rubuce-rubucen farko da kuma zance na waƙa.
  8. Masana suna kiran wannan kalmar mafi wahala a rubutun. Sama da shekaru 100 babu wanda ya iya gano ma’anarta, kuma an yi nazari mai zurfi. Gesenius ya ce “ba a samun ta a cikin Tsohon Alkawari.” Tun lokacin da aka buga rubutun a 1881, fassarorin zedah sun samo asali daga yanayin ƙasa zuwa harshe da kuma mayar da hankali kan aikin injiniya. Masanan farko sun danganta ta da fasalin zahiri da ke ba da damar isar da sauti, yayin da na baya suka jaddada kura-kurai na gini. Wata takarda ta 2020 daga Raanan Eichler ta rubuta shawarwari 16 tare da nasa na “rashin jituwa.” Duk da haka idan ba mu maƙale a cikin mahangar aikin injiniya ko yanayin ƙasa ba, amma muka ɗauki lokaci don yin la’akari da cewa maganar annabci ce tunda, bayan haka, dukan mahallin Harshen Ibrananci (da marubutansa da mutanensa) na annabawa ne da ke yin annabci, to za mu iya samun ma’ana mai sauƙi ga wannan kalma. Waɗannan mutane ne na Littafin Annabci na Annabci. Shin akwai wani abu da ya fi mahimmanci ga Ibranawa? Mutanen Littafin sun bar mana littafi wanda kusan ba komai ba ne face annabci. Amma masana ba sa son annabci. Mummunan suna ne ga martabarsu, amincewarsu, matsayinsu na iko, da sauransu. Gara su dogara da nazarin kalmomi don fitar da ma’anoni da suka yi kama da na kimiyya da na gaba. Don haka kusan ba a taɓa yin amfani da annabci lokacin nazarin… tsohon annabci. Mahallin ba lallai ne ya zama rami a ƙarƙashin Urushalima ba kawai don an rubuta shi a can. Akwai nuni mai sauƙi a cikin Ibrananci na Littafi Mai Tsarki: זדה — daga tushen זוד / זדה (cf. זֵד, זָדוֹן; Strong’s H2086/H2087), ma’ana “yin aiki da girman kai, rashin kunya, tashin hankali.” A matsayin suna/siffa a nan tana nuna girman kai, tashin hankali, rashin kunya, ba dahuwa ko tafasa ba (waccan ma’anar ta biyu ce kuma ta misali). זֵ֣ד mai girman kai a matsayin namiji da זֵדִֽים a matsayin masu girman kai jam’i ana samun su a cikin Tsohon Alkawari. Mace ita ce זדה zedah cikin sauƙi. Babu buƙatar sihiri.
  9. An ɗauki wannan a matsayin nakasasshen rubutu na בצור “a cikin dutse” amma duba צוּר don tsarewa, kewaye, da צַר matsattsaku, wahala, kewaye. Wannan tabbas ya fi dacewa da ra’ayin “daga dama da daga hagu.” 
  10. ילכו (daga הלך, H1980 tafiya) ba kalmar aiki ba ce da aka saba amfani da ita don kwararar ruwa. Ma’anarta ta zahiri ita ce motsi na ganganci na masu rai (“tafiya, tafiya, ci gaba”). Lokacin da aka yi amfani da ita ga abubuwan da ba su da rai, tana da ma’ana ta biyu, yawanci tana nufin “miƙawa,” “ci gaba,” ko “ci gaba (a jere),” ba “kwarara” a ma’anar ruwa ba. Ibrananci na Littafi Mai Tsarki koyaushe ya fi son נזל, נבע, שטף, ko kuma kawai sunan ruwa (נחל, נהר, מים) lokacin da ake nufin motsin ruwa na gaske.
  11. המוצא  ya dace da Strong’s H4161 (מוֹצא), daga tushen יצא (“fita”). Yana nuna fita, mafita, wurin fitowa, ko tushe, dangane da mahallin.
  12. Ibrananci ya bambanta sunaye biyu na gama gari don “tsayi.” קוֹמה (Strong’s #6967) yana nuna tsayi a matsayin ma’auni, wanda aka samo daga קום “tashi/tsaya,” kuma ana amfani da shi don girman zahiri (mutane, gine-gine, ganuwa, bishiyoyi). Sabanin haka, גבה (Strong’s #1363) yana nuna tsayi a matsayin ɗaukaka ko girma, wanda ya fi dacewa da inganci fiye da ma’auni, kuma yana ɗauke da ma’anar fice ko ɗaukaka (na zahiri ko na misali). Don haka kalmomin ba za a iya musanya su ba: qomah tana jaddada ma’auni, yayin da gobah tana jaddada ɗaukaka ko tsayi na musamman. Duba kuma גבה zama mai ɗaukaka, babba, mai girman kai. Ana tunanin yana nufin zurfin daga saman ƙasa, cubit 100 zai zama adadi na “alfahari” kuma kawai ga wasu sassa. Zurfin ya kama daga cubit 44-111 na tsohuwar Judah kuma mafi yawancinsa bai kai haka ba a tsawonsa.
  13. Tushen kalmar צוּר “kewaye” na צר “kewaye/matsattsaku” ana yawan amfani da ita tare da kalmar על “akan/akan” a cikin dukan Nassosin Ibrananci (duba ויצר על, ויצר עליה a cikin 1 Sarakuna 20:1, 2 Sarakuna 6:24, 17:5 misali). A cikin Makoki 1:10, ידו פרש צר על כל מחמדיה “hannunsa ya miƙa kewaye akan dukan abubuwan da take so.”
Hanyoyin bincike:
  1. Kantor, Benjamin. “The Siloam Inscription (ca. 700 BCE).” BiblicalHebrew.com, 2022. https://biblicalhebrew.com/the-siloam-inscription-ca-700-bce/. An duba ranar 26 ga Disamba, 2025.
  2. “כתובת השילוח.” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation. https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/כתובת_השילוח. An duba ranar 26 ga Disamba, 2025.
  3. Steinberg, David. “The Siloam Inscription.” Ver. 1.0, October 3, 2007. http://www.houseofdavid.ca/anc_heb_siloam_text.pdf. An duba ranar 26 ga Disamba, 2025.
  4. Gesenius, Wilhelm. Gesenius’ Hebrew Grammar. Edited by E. Kautzsch. Translated by A. E. Cowley. 2nd English ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1910. https://archive.org/details/geseniushebrewgr00geseuoft/page/n21/mode/2up. An duba ranar 26 ga Disamba, 2025.